Psychology The Influential Bunch - 1184 Words

Justine Taylor Trident University International PSY101 – Introduction to Psychology Module 1- Case Assignment October 18th, 2015 Dr. Wajama, Aslami The Influential Bunch Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the behavior and mental process of individuals. In psychology there are many different perspectives that are employed. In this paper, this student will identify a few influential psychologists that paved the road for modern psychology. John B. Watson was a pioneering figure in the development of the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson was one of the early American psychologists to break Freudian notions that our unconscious mind was behind most of our behavior (Watson E. 1999). Behaviorism according to Watson was the science of observable behavior. Only behavior that could be observed, recorded and measured was of any real value for the study of humans or animals (Watson E 1999). Watson is best known for taking his theory of behaviorism and applying it to child development. Watson is famous for saying that he could take a dozen healthy infants and train any one of them to become any type of specialist he might select (Watson E. 1999). He believed that you can expose the child to certain environmental forces and overtime conditioned that child to become whatever type of person you want. Erik Erikson is known for developing the eight psychological stages of human development. Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development.Show MoreRelatedEssay On How To Build The Future906 Words   |  4 PagesZuckerberg. Mark, you have built one of the most influential companies in the history of the world. So we are especially excited that you’re here. I’m not sure where to go from there. Why don’t we start with just the early days of Facebook? Tell us what it was like when you started it. Sure. So for me, the thing that I was really fascinated by and always have been is people and how people work. You know, when I was in college, I studied psychology and computer science. And you know, one of theRead MoreThe World Of Advertising1606 Words   |  7 Pages The world of advertising is an intricate mix of psychology and determination, with advertising companies using their vast supply of resources to create the most appealing representation of their product or service. Unfortunately, people nonchalantly skip ads on YouTube, walk out of the room when commercials come on, or put ad-blocking software on their computer so they don’t have to see them altogether. All anyone wants to do is watch what they want, when they want it, without interruptions; eagernessRead MoreWhat about Bob psychology paper1250 Words   |  5 Pageseven get on a bus. Bob who always has to have some type of barrier between him and the door eventually throws it away. In the movie they never show Bob having any close relatives, so he also suffers from separation anxiety, he watches â€Å"The Brady Bunch† to fill that lack of companionship. That’s why he gets so attached to Dr. Marvin. Bob finds out that Dr. Marvin is going on vacation with his family and Bob’s anxiety gets the best of him and decides to follow Dr. Marvin on vacation. Dr. Leo MarvinRead MoreLeadership Is A Construct Used To Define The Relationship1725 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween leaders and followers including the skills and behaviors that make an effective leader. Transformational leadership is an approach to leadership that focuses on the emotional and social interaction with followers; it is categorized as being influential, inspirational, and intellectually stimulating. (PSU, L1, P5.). Transformational leadership is the desired approach to being an effective leader. Like any skill, the way to obtain and improve them is through a development process. LeadershipRead MoreF. Skinner s Theory Of Psychology Essay2523 Words   |  11 PagesB F Skinner was one of the most influential behaviourist in psychology. He introduced a lot of new theories from his work and has been studied by many for years. Skinner particularly focused on behaviour patterns of animals and people, of course. He was very popular for his â€Å"Skinner Box† experiment. Skinner Box is used for conditioning animals like pigeons and rats to behave in desired ways such as running through a maze, playing tunes on a keyboard, or pressing levers (McLeod, 2007). Skinner alsoRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children2016 Words   |  9 Pagesas shown in the article Training simulation: Mass killers often share an obsession with violent video games by Mike Jaccarino. Many people have discussed violent video games being very effective on children, such as Bruce Bartholow a professor of psychology at the University of Missouri. Bruce mentions: â€Å"M ore than any other media, these video games encourage active participation in violence,† â€Å"From a psychological perspective, video games are excellent teaching tools because they reward players forRead MoreSpirituality And Religion Beliefs Are Influencing The People Life Around The World2799 Words   |  12 Pagesage, sexuality preference, economic income, intellectual level or language the presence of God changed the life of who belief in his existence at difference level of religion connection. It is well established that belief in God is pervasive and influential in contemporary American society—but what do people believe about the nature of God s presence in everyday life? Across historical times, societies, and cultures, individuals have maintained a heterogeneous assortment of mental representationsRead MoreEssay Significance of the Number 3 in Fairy Tales2501 Words   |  11 Pagesof stepping back and taking a completely objective point of view that is free of social influences. The question then becomes, â€Å"To what extent are fairy tales a product of society?† Some would argue that history/culture/society were enormously influential for fairy tale writers and have therefore been reflected in the writers’ works. For instance, when one looks at fairy tales, he/she often finds that the children/siblings come in a set of three. Frequently, the good child, or the focus of theRead MoreThe Impact Of Managerial Styles On Organizational Effectiveness7129 Words   |  29 Pagesfrom ages, here some theories, are commonly categorised by which aspect is believed to define the leader the most widespread one’s are: Traits theories The Great Man theories Situational theories Behavioral theories †¨ Trait theory (1930-1940) In psychology, trait theory also called dispositional theory, is an approach to the study of human personality. Personality traits measurement weren’t reliable across studies. Many studies have analyzed the traits among existing leaders in the hope of uncoveringRead MoreTill Blood Gushes Through These Veins !2432 Words   |  10 Pagestrue to their nature, they killed those few Persian errands. War, now inevitable and in foresight, made Leonidas chalk out a strategy to defeat the large Persian army. He discussed his stratagem with the five wise men, called Ephors, who were as influential as the king but denied him permission to go to war as the Oracle termed it inauspicious. They said that this war would virtually mean doomsday for Sparta but the real reasons behind the rebuttal to Leonidas were not the Gods but the materialistic

Essay on Abraham Lincoln a Great Leader - 878 Words

Abraham Lincoln was a man of humble beginnings who, though self-taught, rose to greatness through the many leadership qualities that he possessed. Quality traits that Lincoln possessed were honesty, integrity and a great devotion towards the rights of the people. It was probably through his impoverished upbringing that he formed such a bond with common folks. Lincoln was able to show the country that an ordinary person, with strong character and integrity, was capable of inspiring others to greatness. His ability to communicate through dynamic speeches was inspirational to a country so badly in need of someone to return the country to the unity that it had once had. His commitment to the rights of individuals was a cornerstone of his†¦show more content†¦Being able to listen to the opinions and then being able to make a decision is a key ingredient to being a great leader (Wadhwa, 2012). Another great leadership ability that Lincoln possessed was his ability to appoint the right people for the right jobs in his Cabinet. Even though they were some of the greatest minds of his time, some of his Cabinet members were also some of his biggest political adversaries. Through his great leadership, he was able to assemble this group and to pull them together to make it work. Lincoln also had the ability to make a mistake, learn from it and then move on, creating an environment of learning in his administration. Also, when the administration was successful, Lincoln was willing to share the credit with his administration, not taking all the credit for himself. This ability can be a great motivator, since it gives people a sense of accomplishment (Moreton, 2008). Lincoln’s ability to control his emotions was another great trait that he possessed. Even though Lincoln was known for treating those he worked with fairly, when he was driven to frustration or anger, he would of ten channel his emotions by writing what he referred to as â€Å"hot letters† to the person he was agitated with, but would keep it after writing it. When Lincoln did lose his temper, he would usually not hold a grudge against the individual (Moreton, 2008). The last leadershipShow MoreRelatedEssay on Abraham Lincoln, A Great Leader in American History781 Words   |  4 PagesStates of America, many great people have directed toward success. The American nation has been honored with many of the greatest people in history, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Madison. Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the most greatest president in US History. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12,1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky. He is known for his leadership and skills as president along with his pleasant personality. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th PresidentRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Lincoln The President that was murdered because he forever freed the slaves in 1863 is how many people in today’s society remember the sixteenth president of the United States of America. President Abraham Lincoln leadership qualities and accomplishments go far beyond that life altering proclamation. American educator Dr. Stephen Covey states, â€Å"Always surround yourself with people who are even more talented and competent than you† This quote is relevant to the leadership skills and qualitiesRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln is the greatest president ever because he did great things such as ending slavery, getting the us through the Civil War, and helped our country a lot. The American Civil War was a war between the Southern states and the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln was not very prepared for the war militarilyRead MoreComparing Barak Obamas Administration to Abraham Lincolns Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesalot of presidents that has been in and out of the white house. Some of the presidents have done a great job in office some presidents didnt do so good in the white house. People in general have all sorts of different opinions on presidents some people may say one president was the best while another person may disagree. In my opinion out of all the presidents there is a man named Abraham Lincoln who i think was one of the greatest presidents of all time. One of are presidents in the presentRead MoreLeadership Skills And Qualities Of President Abraham Lincoln936 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln leadership qualities and accomplishments go far beyond that life altering proclamation. American educator Dr. Stephen Covey states, â€Å"Always surround yourself with people who are even more talented and competent than you† This quote is relevant to the leadership skills and qualities of President Abraham Lincoln because he was known for the quality of staff he appointed to serve alongside him as president.according to Historian Doris Goodwin President Abraham Lincoln appointedRead MoreLincoln Was A Successful Strategist1005 Words   |  5 PagesLincoln was a successful strategist because of his great leadership skills. He was a great leader because he was great at make decisions but took a long time to make decisions. An example of his long decision making is when the south succeeded from the Union and five days later the South attacked Fort Sumter. After a few long weeks Lincoln had a plan, he told South Carolina that he was going to send provisions to Fort Sumter. That he would send no troops, or ammunition unless South Carolina attackedRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War Comparison Essay11 08 Words   |  5 Pages Abraham Lincoln, the great president of the United States, is one of the most influential men in the history of America. He is not only the commander-in-chief of the Union army that takes the victory from the Confederacy in the Civil War but also a leader who ends up the existence of slavery and a hero of the United States of America. On the other hand, Nathan Bedford Forrest is the lieutenant general of the Confederate army during the Civil War. He is a real genius and the great leadership ofRead MoreMore Than Just A Five Dollar Bill1429 Words   |  6 PagesStates in need of A president, some of the greatest leaders in the newly formed nation would have to stand up, and it started with the most famous, George Washington. He started the chain of the Presidency and is often refereed to as one of the best. But with this being said, many argue over the fact of who was our nations best leader. In my opinion the nations best leader is featured on our five dollar bill, Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln truly helped change the United States of America in someRead MoreLeadership Brief : Abraham Lincoln969 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Brief: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was one of the greatest presidential leaders. Throughout his lifetime, he has a wide range of different accomplishments that has affected thousands of people in various ways. President Lincoln held key traits and qualities that have led him to become an effective leader. Abraham knew what was best for his country that would produce the largest impact for the citizens. Literature Review Abraham bought books to study and teach himself when he wasRead MoreThe Year Long Period Of Social Unrest1747 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica and the leader of the Union during Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor pursuing the revival of the confederacy and the total destruction of the Union. Abraham Lincoln was known to be a hard working, driven man which led him into politics and eventually presidency. Throughout his childhood, Lincoln had grown up in very rural areas and knew of nothing other than â€Å"frontier simplicity† therefore, he experienced little interaction with others (Lincoln World Biography

The Psychology of Dreams Free Essays

Why we dream: an analysis of contemporary research and theory on the function of dreaming Krista L. Hulm Essay Topic Why do we dream? Discuss with reference to psychological theories and research. Abstract Within classical psychoanalytic psychology, Freud’s (1900) conception of dreams is the most prominent dream theory among modern Western culture (Fosshage, 1983). We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychology of Dreams or any similar topic only for you Order Now Freud theorised that dreams serve a dual, compromise function. He suggested that unconscious, instinctual drive energy pushes for discharge, moving toward the expression of a consciously unacceptable impulse. The reduction in conscious restraints characteristic of sleep allows a symbolic, disguised dream expression of the repressed wish. The overt (manifest) content of the dream represents a compromise between the instinctual forces (latent content) striving for expression, on one hand, and the repressive forces of consciousness on the other (Freud, 1900). Freud assumed that the energy pushing for action would awaken the sleeper if not for the dream which, through symbolic discharge, allows a return to sleep. Therefore the dream is seen as serving the biological function of preserving sleep, with the psychological function of discharging an unacceptable wish that might otherwise burst destructively into waking life (Dallet, 1973). Various aspects of Freud’s dream theory have undergone review from the point of view of contemporary dream research (Breger, 1967; Foulkes, 1964). It is generally agreed that with respect to dream function in particular, the sleep preservation view is invalid and the underlying model on which the wish-fulfilment theory rests requires extensive revision. A study on REM sleep deprivation and its effects on depression found that when dream sleep was experimentally repressed in depressed patients, they were found to be more outgoing, energetic, more likely to engage with others and generally less unhappy (Cartwright, 1993). This may be due to dreams of depressed people having the characteristic of being more self-blaming. These findings contradict with Freud’s theory: if dreams are a safe expression of infantile wishes, why does this function fail to help the depressed? Despite the many problems inherent in Freud’s theoretical formulation of dream function, his far-reaching work has provided a basis for many of the contemporary theories discussed below. Contemporary research on dreams using brain-imaging studies contradict the view that content emerges from random signals (Morewedge Norton, 2009). The hippocampus, which is critical to the acquisition of some types of memories, and the amygdala, which is important for emotional memories, are both seen to be active during REM sleep in brain-imaging studies (Nielson Strenstrom, 2005). This understanding of the physiological aspects of dreams supports the idea that one of the functions of sleep itself is to draw together recent experiences with one’s goals, problems and desires (Paller Voss, 2004). Fossage’s (2007) organisational model of dreams stemmed from such understandings. The model proposes that the core process and function of dreaming is to organise data. More specifically, dream mentation, like waking mentation, develops, maintains, and restores psychological organisation and regulates affect in keeping with shifting motivational priorities. Research shows that babies spend 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep, adults 25% and older people 15% (Breger, 1977). From the idea that REM sleep quantitatively decreases throughout the lifespan, a number of theorists (Breger, 1967; Reiser, 1990) suggest that dreaming fosters structuralisation of the nervous system through the establishment of neural memory networks or maps and babies spend more time in REM in order to establish maps and corresponding categories of organisation. This suggestion supports the organisational model of dreaming. Furthermore, the organisational model of dreaming includes a revision of psychoanalytic theory to explain the content of dreams concluding, in short, that dreams more directly reveal – through affects metaphors and themes – the dreamer’s immediate concerns (Fosshage, 2007). References Bulkeley, K. (1993). Dreaming is play. Psychoanalytic Psychology 10(4), 501-514. Retrieved September 8, 2009, from PsychARTICLES database. Cartwright, R. (2000). How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, pp. 914-916. Fosshage, J. L. (1983). The psychological function of dreams: A revised psychoanalytic perspective. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 6, 641-669. Fosshage, J. L. (2007). The organizing functions of dreaming: Pivotal issues in understanding and working with dreams. International forum of psychoanalysis, 16, 4, 213-221. Retrieved 14 August 2009, from Academic Search Premier database. Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. Revonsuo, A. (2000). The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 23, pp. 877-901. How to cite The Psychology of Dreams, Papers

Empirical Investigation of Structural Breaks †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Disacuss about the Empirical Investigation of Structural Breaks. Answer: Introduction: IMF effectiveness is dependent on whether the players see it as impartial and competent. According to the article, IMF is like a referee officiating a football match where it depends if the players see it as impartial and competent (Eun and Resnick, 2014). The effectiveness of this institution are limited by failure to meet its challenges. As an advisor, the institutions impartiality is called into question because it doesnt always know what to advise. According to the article, there are four challenges that pose a threat to the legitimacy of the IMF and thus the institutions capacity to execute its main functions (Kirton, 2009). Organizing surveillance through which the institution monitors policies made by its member countries both financial and economic policies is the first unmet challenge. This highlights possible risks to advises that are needed on policy adjustments. The funds original mandate was to focus on engaging in ruthless truth telling that would make exchange rates to be stable. However, the surveillance moved from the main focus of exchange rates issues to virtually everything and anything with implications for financial and economic stability (Levi, 2016). There is no longer the blunt truth telling as envisaged and this can be clearly shown because the fund did not warn the U.S of the subprime crisis , the Greek debt crisis or the global financial crisis. On the three events, the IMF batted 0 to 3 showed that it has no capacity to highlight risks to stability. The second unmet challenge is the conditionality that IMF gives its loans out with. This is the commitment that governments makes in terms of policy in order to receive assistance (Imf., 2016). The disagreements comes in when questions of the number of commitments and what kind of commitments that the IMF asks from the governments. This is because in some of the commitments , the IMF infringes on the sovereignty of the member country and so according to the article, the member countries do not view the IMF institution as an institution that is out here trying to promote the welfare of the individual member states (Hartley, 2011). If the IMF and the member country have similar objectives , why are there conditions set in the first place. The third unmet challenge is that there is disagreement about the role of IMF in sovereign debt management. This challenge is created by the absence of a legal framework that is needed to resolve debt crises , also contributing to this challenge is the existence of multiple stakeholders and transaction costs that are significant. Confusion is brought about when we consider the form that involvement should take (O'brien, 2017). IMF should provide liquidity assistance when the debt that a member country holds is sustainable but private investors are not able to provide coordination in the provision of liquidity required and they only facilitate to debt restructure when the burden of debt is unsustainable. Deep questions arises when statements about whether debt sustainability concept is meaningful and whether the IMF is able to determine a member states sustainable debt. In reflecting on this uncertainties, the institution has continued to lend to its member states and put off the restructuring decision. This model allows investors to create a moral hazard and cut their losses. This is because restructuring disrupts the economy and is also costly for the country. The fourth unmet challenge according to the article is impartiality problem by the fund which is an issue raise due to governance problems (Grath, 2005). When members have disproportionate voice which enables some member states to sway decision making and make decisions that are in line with their national interest, this is seen as if the institution is not partial. Some of the decision made by some member states that have a lot of influence are at odds with both the interest of the stability of the IMF and its membership. Also, some members are inadequately represented and they see the decisions made by the funds as neglecting their interests. Consequently, the two sides are reluctant to give IMF the autonomy in choosing tactics and designing programs. The failure by the IMF to meet the four challenges causes its impartiality and competence to be questions by those who criticize its modus operandi (Bodie and Merton, 2001). The funds inability to solve these challenges leads members to question its legitimacy according to the article. Legitimacy determines if the governments and their constituencies will to bend to its authority and accept its recommendations. According to political theorists, legitimacy has two sources. The publics assessment about the performance of the Fund is referred to as output legitimacy. If the funds advice brings in good results, then the agents would be willing to acknowledge its authority. Second, input legitimacy refers to the process through which power is exercised and decisions are reached. The first three challenges , that is , surveillance, conditionality relevance and the utility of the funds approach to debt problems can be solved through output legitimacy (Costa, 2006). On the other hand, the fourth challenge which is the funds failure to adopt a system of governance raises questions about its input legitimacy. The legitimacy problem will have to be solved so that the fund can be effective in its mandate. Today, there are several theories that explain the formation of the exchange rate and the nature of its dynamics. So, one of the most famous theories is the theory of purchasing power parity (or ability) (Power Purchasing Parity). According to this doctrine, the rates of any two currencies must be adjusted one to one according to the change in the price levels in these two countries. A simple example gives an idea of the action of PPP theory and International Fishers effect Summing up, it can be pointed out that the currency purchasing power parity doctrine can be a good tool for forecasting the exchange rate provided there are significant differences in the price levels of the countries being compared (Shapiro, 2014). The accuracy of the exchange rate forecast is a derivative of the accuracy of the forecast of price levels in the two countries, and therefore the time range of applying the principles of PPP is measured from one to five years. The forecast rate for a period of less than one year is not justified for the inability to get rid of many random factors in the main trend of the development of the phenomenon. This is the presence of a lag between price changes and adjustments to this exchange rate, and intra-annual seasonal and conjunctural fluctuations. Forecasts for more than five years can have a significant error. The PPP theory has rather limited forecasting possibilities, gives an idea of the prerequisites for long-term behavior of exchange rates, but can not explain the run-up of rates for short periods. The key to understanding the behavior of the exchange rate in the short term is consideration currencies that form the exchange rate from the position of the asset market and the theory of demand for assets (Manzur, 2008). The modern approach to the asset market stresses that, for short periods (less than a year), the decision to own domestic or foreign assets (that is, cash in national or foreign currency) will play a much greater role in determining the exchange rate than the demand for export or import goods. Those. export-import flows are considered as secondary exchange rate factors. According to the theory of demand for assets, the most important factor that affects the demand for domestic (national) and foreign money (t his time we consider the non-cash form of cash) is the expected return on these assets relative to each other friend The expected income for the deposit of a certain currency in the transfer to foreign currency consists of the interest rate of this currency and its expected price (+) or depreciation (-). When, for example, Americans or foreigners expect that the income on dollar deposits will be higher than the income on deposits in euros, then the demand for dollar deposits will be higher and, accordingly, the lower one for deposits in euros This will encourage investors to convert funds into current assets. Nevertheless, at the end of the investment period, they may incur exchange rate losses e changes in the exchange rate, which, with a surplus, will block the interest income. To prevent such losses, investors must enter into fixed-term contracts, i. agreements with the redemption of currency, at the rate of "spot" plus the interest earned on the invested assets. These agreements from interest arbitrage is a connecting link between the difference in interest rates of the national money markets of the two countries and the forward rates of the respective currencies (Madura, 2012). This link acts as the basis of the theory of interest parity. To understand the mechanism of the action of this theory, one should consider its formalized form. Purchasing power parity is an economic theory that states that people in a given country should be able to buy services and goods at a price that is similar to people from another country. The theory states that once the exchange rate difference is accounted for, then all the prices of goods and services would be the same. The ability of purchasing power is illustrated by real per capita spending. The basis for calculating PPP used by organizations such as UNDP is Gross National Product (GNP) (Olekalns, 2001). Since GNP cannot be compared directly, an International Comparison Project (ICP) is formed which aims to "adjust" the real GDP rate, so it can be compared. For this purpose is determined a number of commodities as a package for the basis of comparison internationally. The resulting number, to reflect the standard benefits, is then "adjusted" again with the Atkinson formula. This adjustment is deemed necessary, as a $ 500 increase for a country that already has a GNP of US $ 500 0 will have a different benefit from the same increase for a new country with a GNI of US $ 1000. On the other hand, the international Fishers effect theory states that a change that is expected in the exchange rate between currencies of two currencies is roughly equivalent to the difference between their nominal interest rates(Holmes, 2002). Using the interest rate difference to explain the occurrence of changes in foreign exchange rates. IFE theory is closely related to theory of PPP because interest rates are often correlated closely with the rate of inflation, therefore it can be concluded that the difference in interest rates which occurs between several countries can be caused by the difference in the rate of inflation. On the theory of Interest Rate Parity and Power Parity Purchasing, the theory allows us to estimate the future of the exchange rate expected. Interest Rate Parity is related to risk-free interest rate while Purchasing Power Parity theory of exchange rate is related to an inflation rate. Putting them together basically tells us that interest rates are risk-free related to the rate of inflation (Valsamakis, Vivian and Du Toit, 2010). This brings us to the International Fisher Effect, The international Fisher effect states that the real interest rate is the same across countries. Real interest in risk-free rate minus the inflation rate. Real interest rates are generally used more often compared with the nominal interest rate to measure currency exchange rate movements. The nominal interest rate is not an accurate measuring tool, because it still contains inflation element inside. International Fisher Impacts Impact The relationship between the difference between the two countries' interest rates and the expected change in exchange rates under IFE is as follows: first, the actual return for investors is the interest rate offered on the securities market term deposit money banking short, where the investor's actual return depends on the foreign interest rate if and the change of the foreign exchange. According to IFE, the effective return of foreign investment should, on average, be an effective return on investment domestic, therefore, IFE states that estimates of investment in local money market investments: Where r is an effective return on foreign deposits and i is the deposit interest rate of the country of origin. Then it can determine as evidenced above, the IFE theory states that when interest if, e will be positive because of the relatively small foreign interest rate reflecting the relatively low estimated foreign inflation, in other words, foreign currency will appreciate when foreign interest rates are smaller compared to origin interest rate. A financial derivative is an agreement between two parties where the payments conditions are also agreed by the two parties. Derivatives are from underlying assets such as contracts, swaps or even stocks. Some of the conditions include purchasing the asset at the price and at the date which the underlying asset achieves that price(Valsamakis, Vivian and Du Toit, 2010).. A common derivative is a call option that gives the buyer the option but not the obligation to buy the stock at a certain date and at a certain price. The PPP and IFE theories make derivatives unnecessary because of the inflation factor. As we know, the two theories factor in inflation of underlying assets but derivatives are meant to protect the buyer from purchasing the underlying asset with inflation factored in. Advantages of derivatives Transactions of derivatives take place in future therefore giving a chance to individuals and traders to execute all sorts of strategies in the futures and options Therefore, if the individual want to short some stock for a long time they can do it in this market. There is benefit of leverage in this market because people can transact huge transactions with small amounts hence trading with derivatives requires a less amount of money. Derivatives are a great risk management tool with a lot of benefit to the user. There are several criticisms that associated with these theories. The purchasing power parity theory does not factor in the tarrifs and the demand for derivatives can be different. Also another criticism of this theory is the differing taxes in different regions. Evaluate the differing ways in which derivatives can protect against the failings of IFE and PPP. As speculators take a market risk position, speculation is a spare part that makes futures and options markets(derivative market) work well and efficiently w. A speculator in futures trading is one goal, which is profit (profit) from its success in anticipating price movements. The time horizon of the speculator is very different from the hedger, commercial users, and other professional users, therefore tends to act as a bridge between large market users and other market users, with different time horizons. So speculation is a major component because the speculator improves market liquidity, and also increases market efficiency. A speculator in futures trading is with one goal, which is to profit from its success in anticipating price movements. Inflation and interest rates challenges are overcome by these speculation. Hedging is a strategy created to reduce the occurrence of unexpected business risks which includes inflation, in addition to the possibility of profit from the investment. Differential interest rates Differential interest rates between the two countries predict future changes in spot exchange rates. In the financial risk hedge, there are factors that cause exchange rate changes (Manzur, 2008). Knowledge of this will help in forecasting the direction of currency movement. These factors include differential inflation, monetary policy, trade balance, the balance of payments, international monetary reserve, national budget, and deferential interest rate, and associated currency behavior, unofficial exchange rate, forward exchange quotes. Not all hedges are financial instruments. For example, a producer who exports to another country can hedge the currency exchange risk by calculating his production costs in the currency he wants (Taylor, 2013). The following ways that derivatives can protect from the failings of IFE and PPP theories. References Bodie, Z. and Merton, R. (2001).Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Costa, C. (2006).Introducing finance. Chichester: John Wiley. Eun, C. and Resnick, B. (2014).International finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Grath, A. (2005).International trade finance. London: Nordia Publishing for the Institute of Export. Hartley, W. (2011).International finance. [Place of publication not identified]: Bibliolife. Holmes, A. (2002). Risk Management. Chichester: Capstone Pub. Imf. (2016).Forecasting at the imf. [Place of publication not identified]: Intl Monetary Fund. Kirton, J. (2009).International finance. Aldershot: Ashgate. Levi, M. (2016).International finance. London [u.a.]: Routledge. Madura, J. (2012).International financial management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Manzur, M. (2008).Purchasing power parity. Cheltenham (Reino Unido): Edward Elgar. O'brien, T. (2017).Applied International Finance. [S.L.]: Business Expert Press. Olekalns, N. (2001).An empirical investigation of structural breaks in the ex ante Fisher effect. Melbourne, Victoria. Shapiro, A. (2014).Multinational financial management. Hoboken (NJ): J. Wiley. Taylor, M. (2013).Purchasing Power Parity and Real Exchange Rates. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Valsamakis, A., Vivian, R. and Du Toit, G. (2010).Risk management. Sandton: Heinemann.

The Scarlet Letter- An Analysis Of Symbolism free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper March 18,1994 The Scarlet Letter: An Analysis of Symbolism The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is by and large considered to be the first American symbolic novel. A symbol is something which is used to stand for something broader in significance. The most obvious symbol in the novel is the existent vermilion # 8220 ; A # 8221 ; which both the unfavorable judgment and I agree upon. This # 8220 ; A # 8221 ; is the actual symbol of the wickedness of criminal conversation. The missive A so appears in many different signifiers throughout the novel. The gold-embroidered A on Hester Prynne # 8217 ; s fascinates Pearl Prynne. It is magnified in the armour chest home base at Governor Bellingham # 8217 ; s sign of the zodiac which is so utmost that it seems to conceal and cover Hester. On the dark of Arthur Dimmesdale vigil, he sees a ruddy Angstrom in the sky. And eventually, the missive is revealed on Dimmsdale # 8217 ; s thorax in forepart of the whole small town. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter- An Analysis Of Symbolism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The A besides takes on many significances. It has the original significance every bit good as different significances to assorted characters. To Hester, the A means humiliation. The A to Dimmesdale is a reminder of his ain attrition. To Pearl, the A is distinctive feature and Roger Chillingworth sees the A as a journey for revenge. Other so adultery, the A can besides stand for # 8220 ; Angel # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Able # 8221 ; . Angel, for it appears in the sky after Governor Winthrop # 8217 ; s decease. Able, for Hester has won the regard of the Puritans even if she has sinned awfully. Hawthorne uses the prison edifice to depict offense and penalty in contrast with the gravestone at the terminal of the novel. This statement suggests the offense and penalty will finally take to the decease of the criminal. One positive symbol is the rosebush outside the prison. I feel it represents a sweet individual hidden in the incasements of a dark prison, a true diamond in the rough. The symbol for Puritanism, harmonizing to one critic, is when Hawthorne uses the beadle. I can see how the Puritans are compared to minor parish functionaries in the Church of England by the manner the society follows their lead. The Puritan kids are taught to contemn Hester for her criminal conversation. In the Puritan regulation this is an severe wickedness, so they dominate the judicial side of her penalty. The Puritan universe and the natural universe are besides contrasted continuously throughout the novel. The remainder of the symbolism is showed through the scene and the characters. The scene influences the overall temper of the book, while the characters write the novel and do it what it is. The full ambiance is grey. The skies and vesture of the people of the town are ever dark. This darkness symbolizes con cealment and secrets. Darkness normally ever represents a universe of immorality. The brightness of the twenty-four hours, nevertheless, is the symbol of exposure, where everything is seen. As colour is brought in, felicity is added. The Sun is bright with joy and has a life free of guilt. Pearl, as she runs in the wood, obtains and absorbs this sunlight. The Sun is incapable of touching Hester because of her indiscretion on her chest. The scaffold is mentioned numerously throughout the novel for a significant ground. The scaffold is non merely a symbol of Puritan codification but becomes a symbol for a documentation of personal wickedness. It is the topographic point where Dimmesdale knows he must travel for retribution, the lone topographic point he can get away from Chillingworth # 8217 ; s bantam tether. The wood is a really symbolic topographic point. It can be interpreted in three different ways. The first manner is as an evil topographic point where psyche are signed off to the Satan. In add-on, the wood is a topographic point where darkness and somberness conquers. Finding a way to steer you through this wood is what Hester has been seeking to happen over her old ages. The wood besides is symbolic for it is a topographic point where Pearl can run and play and Hester can allow her hair down without society glowering upon them. The creek is a symbol in several ways. It is an unknown beginning and travels through obscureness. The creek babbles to Pearl giving a history of wretchedness. The creek so becomes a boundary of two universes when Pearl will non traverse it. The natural universe which is the side Pearl is on while the other side is the Puritan eyeball. Character symbolism is a typical manifestation of Hawthorne # 8217 ; s symbolism. The Church, State, and Witchcraft of the Puritan universe are represented by Reverend Mr. Wilson, Governor Billingham, and Mistress Hibbins which were, later, all associated with the scaffold, a Puritan wickedness base. Pearl # 8217 ; s call itself is symbolic because it is the allusion of great monetary value. In this instance, that monetary value is Hester # 8217 ; s repute and her standing in the community. Pearl is besides a self-contained symbol. The consequence of her parent # 8217 ; s wickedness is shown in her frequently imprudent remarks and unchecked behaviour. Each character in the fresh suffers from a wickedness which they try to oppress and deplore with goodness from their ain bosom. The Scarlet Letter is a book filled with symbolism. I feel the symbolism helps to associate a state of affairs to a place the reader knows about. The critic which I based this on feels that there is voluminous histories of symbolism, even excessively much. I must differ with this. Hawthorne # 8217 ; s The Scarlet Letter is an surprisingly written book for its clip with merely the right sum of powerful symbolism.

Commonly Misspelled English Words Stop Your Common Grammar

Commonly Misspelled English Words Stop Your Common Grammar Even native speakers find it difficult to memorize all the words. What should we say about those for whom English is not the first language? They always seek for help and count on professionals. We could not stand away from the problem and decided to present you our top of the most commonly misspelled words in America, UK, Canada, and Australia if you travel there. You’ll find some tips about grammar and spelling improvement as well in your searches. The English language is one of the most active languages in the world. It develops and gets new words and concepts every day. The sources are numerous: intercultural writers; jargons and slangs; new technologies; new sciences; new culture happenings. The list can continue for ages. Of course, it is not algebra.  If we think closer, we'll check and understand that there is only our imagination that limits us in improving English. There is an even more important fact. All of these words appear naturally. There are no regulations, archetypes, and laws. With the appearance of the Internet, communication has reached an absolutely new gap. However, this liberty opens Pandora's box. Bad news: the number of errors and misspellings commitment is high. Professional Writing Help Most Frequently Misspelled Words in America and Other English Language Countries We cannot say if these words are the hardest to spell in the world, but this corpus is always on the top in similar articles and posts. Here they are: Accommodate Deduction Millennial Flabbergasted Oblivious Not only do these words get difficult spelling, but they are also pretty difficult to be understood on the average. They have several lexical meanings, many times a way too different from each other. Some of them are very surprising (like ‘flabbergasted'). Writing and speaking them correctly from the first try is like getting into the best and the most beautiful college in the USA or Oxford. You’ll never experience such success again. Of course, it is a yellow newsletter joke. If a word in the dictionary were misspelled, how would we know? Steven Wright Read Most Commonly Misspelled Word Classes Every person who is fond of English can understand that there is no sense to make a full list of commonly misspelled or spelled in a wrong way words one by one. It is a very subjective topic, and a full list of risks to be several kilometers long. It is better to indicate the groups of words you should pay attention to: Latin words. Since the very invention of homework words originated from Latin had been a grain of sand in every student’s eye. Despite this language being officially dead (nobody speaks it during regular live conversations anymore), there are a lot of English words connected with it. They tend to be used. Many people, even in the USA or GB misspell or do not know how to use popular Latin abbreviations and stable constructions (e.g., per se, et cetera, AD). French words. Histories and languages of England and France are related more than you can think. Did you know that French has been an official language of Albion for several hundred years? There is no surprise that a lot of words have stayed in English at the moment if these two languages are compared. And, of course, French words have saved their (sometimes) weird spelling and pronunciation. Dialect words. Every state, county, or city has got its own unique language set. Sometimes it may not be as understandable as it seems. Even local East Side Americans face difficulties when they move to California colleges. Should we say more about Australia or Liverpool and people lived there? Jargonisms and terms. Conduct a little experiment. Go to the building site and try to understand all the words workers shout to each other. We bet you'll not hear even a half of familiar words. Go to any online public forum and count the number of the slang words there. Without looking into a dictionary, you will not only misspell it. You will barely understand what is going on. Is there any way out? Are there any techniques that will help you to improve your spelling and pronunciation? We have at least three ideas for you. How Not To Make Common Mistakes In Difficult Words for The Rest of Life? Here are some ways of getting comprehension and grammar clarity instantly. Your best friend in expelling your spelling mistakes is a dictionary. There is no need to buy lots of expensive books. There are some perfect sites you can use every day. The first one is, of course, the Merriam-Webster dictionary (or Oxford’s dictionary).   It will give you all possible definitions of the word, correct spelling and pronunciation, and some examples with this word used in the context. If you need to dip into specific, slang or jargon words so common in modern English now, you need to visit Urban dictionary. It is the biggest dictionary of all slang and weird words. The dictionaries offer the variants of spelling. Are you a kind of artistic person with good imagination and image thinking? Then you can listen to favorite music and learn the words from there. Pay attention to some old American songs, and you’ll learn all difficult words immediately. Get Instant Writing Help Finally, the finest way to learn all misspelled words and save health is just learning them. You just have to make a process easier. For example, write down some lists with difficult words and hang them in the most common places in your house. Somewhere where you will not miss them by any means. On the other hand, you can make some little cards with words on each side (this version of studying was invented in Sorbonne University). Write down the words you have problems with and read them from time to time. No matter what you choose, the main trick is your persistence shown daily and monthly and habit development. Pick new words and learn them every day by heart. Soon (just in one month) you will notice that any searched English word is a piece of cake for you.

Gangs and the Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gangs and the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example As per the recent news even the cargo ships were robbed by gangs near the territories of Somalia and hence the subject and gang and criminal justice system is more prevalent under present circumstances. Gangs have been in existence for as long as there have been inhabitants of this world. The history of criminal gangs can be traced back to even the biblical times. Such gangs are a part of history for thousands of years and their roots run deep into America’s past and culture. â€Å"The birth of America’s gang problem can be traced to the dawn of the country, a time when many Europeans migrated to the East coast with the intent of making a better life. After arriving, their savings was quickly depleted and many were forced to take out loans with local merchants and colonization companies, who charged steep interest rates. Life for many was more difficult than they imagined and death due to poverty and disease was common. There were many who died orphaning their children. With no money to send the children back to their homeland and with no relatives to care for them in America was a common problem in many cities†. ((Jared L. A wide variety of historical gangs, such as the Muslim Assassins, Adam the Leper s gang, Indian Thugs, Chinese Triads, Japanese Yakuza, American Old West outlaw gangs and Italian Mafia crime families have existed for centuries. Throughout the 19 th century, America was troubled with the gangs and gagsters like The James Gang, Billy the Kid, Irish gangs like the Whyos, Dead Rabbits, Plug Uglies, Jewish gangs like the Monk Eastman Gang, Five Points Gang etc. The Five Points Gang, led by Italian immigrant, Paolo Antonini Vaccarelli, was the most significant street gang to form in the United States, ever! The Five Points Gang became the Major League to many young street gangsters and a farm club for the Mafia. The most notorious recruit into the

How can usability improve the mobile-commerce channels Coursework

How can usability improve the mobile-commerce channels - Coursework Example Many people are using mobile phones for commercial purposes such as internet shopping. The fact that a great portion of the world population uses mobile phones has made mobile commerce a very useful technology which is worth developing. The launch of smart phones has also made this technology popular by moving it from systems that use SMS to those that use actual applications. This paper will discuss analyze the issue on the basis of different mobile commerce channels, which are business domains where mobile commerce has been implemented. Mobile ticketing: With mobile commerce in wide use, one of the benefits is mobile ticketing. One can attain a device such as a mobile phone. The process, in countries where it is applicable, has been made possible for those customers with mobile phones that can access the web they get their tickets online. It is still possible for mobile users who use gadgets that cannot access the web. SMS and MMS are used. A company may, for example, be using SIM (subscriber identity mobile) tool kit or USSD to give a purchase menu. A subscriber identity mobile kit is a platform that utilizes use of RF (radio frequencies. According to computer science and its application, CSA 2012, by Sang-Soo Yeo and others, a security chip is used. It receives instructions from the user and if the frequency is to be transmitted back to the SIM card, it is transmitted to the phone. If there is information to be processed, it is transmitted to the security chip, worked on and result forwarded automatically to the SIM that was used to request the service. For this case our expected result could is a ticket. The ticket comes as a secured message, either SMS or MMS image. The customer will enter their specifications here from choices given and send their request to the company’s server. If the customer has enough credit in an account linked to the mobile number, the server will be able to deduct an exact amount to the value of the ticket purchased, and t hen automatically send a confirmation text message to the customer. The confirmation SMS entails details of the product bought, for this case the ticket specifications, the date and time of purchase, and a unique code that identifies the ticket and can be manually entered. This is for a phone that is only SMS enabled and cannot execute MMS or WAP outputs. If mms or can output barcode images, a ticket recognition image is sent alongside the confirmation text message. With these considerations of type of phone used, usability, being the ease of use, is enhanced. Reading MMS or SMS is a very easy task. It is also easy during initial purchasing since the USSD code guide the users by giving options. In the future, there should be assistive technology for people with various disability problems. With better accessibility by all, the idea will have an expanded market. Lessons on the website on how to use this service should be easy to access. According to world statistics, done by Jupiter Research, mobile ticketing has been used in purchase of bus tickets, railway transport tickets, and movie and entertainment tickets. In March 2011, 250 million people were purchasing this tickets using mobile. It was estimated that by the year 2015 750 million people will be able to purchase tickets on mobile. MOBILE MONEY TRANSFER: Mobile banking is a growing field worldwide. It is a surprise

Benchmarking Microarchitecture Using Software Research Paper

Benchmarking Microarchitecture Using Software - Research Paper Example 327). These are defined by many parameters such as the instructions set, the instruction encoding and the rules for using these instructions. Some of the rules are mnemonics addressing modes and functionality. The details at this level are invisible to the user. This is known as abstraction. The implementation of MIPS is borne on the platform of Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC). Validation and Verification Validation in system design is concerned with the confirmation that the goals set are the right ones. This is to enable the proper implementation of the project. Validation is usually done during several different stages of development. It is essential at each level because it ensures that the preceding level is valid before proceeding to the next one. Validation is achieved in different ways. In the micro architecture, use of test inputs and checking on the result is the most common way of validation and verifying the system. So, before the development of the I/O functions , an algorithm is used to test various features if the microsystem. The benchmark program checks for the validity of many features of the micro architecture and verifies some of the features (Patterson, p. 47). Some of these features of the microsystem are illustrated below. The benchmark program used generates a quadratic residue from the integer inputs used by the algorithm. This program checks for functionality of different features mostly in computation. This is because it is the most important feature of the design. The instruction that will be fed into the system will need to be computed consistently. This makes the feature the basis of the design. This computation results in the output of the residue problem used. The program can be altered by using different quadratic residue problems to check for consistency in the system. This is also good for checking the range of values that the program can accept as input and compute without crashing. This is vital because then the desi gners can tell whether the system can accept the range of inputs specified in the requirements. They can also check whether it will need reprogramming. During this kind of testing, sometimes, wrong inputs are put to check how the system will react to them. The system should be able to handle wrong inputs without devastating consequences that will lead to system failure. The users are likely to enter wrong inputs from time to time and their handling should be factored in the design. The use of an 8-bit feedback register shows that the system has functionality for feedback. Feedback is described as the process where the system uses the output generated from a process as input for the same or a similar process. This is common in scenarios where complex computations are performed. These computations require the output of a process to be used as input. If this value has not been generated correctly, the system is likely to encounter an error. This is another feature, which is checked by the system. The application of this feedback is handled using a register. There are several other methods used for feedback systems such as logic circuits, but they are all used interchangeably. The program also has an increment functionality. This functionality is used to increase the value in the counter. The counter has many uses in the system, but is mostly utilized in checking the number of times a program performs a certain function. The increment functions increase the value

Creating Items and Response Scales

Creating Items and Response Scales The major issues in creating items and response scales are to determine the types of survey scales to use. The primary function of the survey scale is to allocate weight and to provide significance to the answers collected. If a scale does not exist than there’s no means to qualify the answers on any particular survey and the entire process becomes like calculating calories without a food weight calculator (different measurement units) next to the number. Creating scales, indexes or any instrument that may perhaps be identified as a test is a component of the investigating process that is related to calibration. Calibration is a speedy and effortless way to attain precision and accuracy, in which are essential goals of measurement. In order to best estimate the reliability and validity of a study or investigation, is to ask questions about the items fitting together or overlapping or if the responses can improve a measuring instrument used.  A scale is a cluster of items tha t taps into a single domain of behavior, attitudes, or feelings. The word scale has been known to be called composites, subtests, agenda, or supplies. On a measuring instrument the following are found on a scale: aptitude, attitude, interest, performance, and personality tests. A scale is always one-dimensional, which means it has construct and content validity. The first key to understanding the meaning of a construct is to define construct validity. A psychological construct is a characteristic, proficiency, aptitude, or skills that have an effect in the human brain and is described by well-known theories. For example, the computer proficiency test is a construct. It exists and observed during the day to day operations. Construct validity usually is defined as unproven demonstration that the test was assessing the construct it asserts to be measuring. The experiment could take the appearance of a differential group study, in which the processes on the test are compared to two groups: one that illustrates construct and the other one that does not illustrate a construct. If the group with the construct functions better than the group without the construct, then the outcome is said to offer proof of the construct validity regarding the test. An unconventional strategy is called an intervention study. The intervention study is a group that is fragile in the construct that is measured utilizing the test, then studied the construct and measured again. If an underlying pattern is found involving the pretest and posttest, the difference can support the construct validity of the test. There have been many other strategies which can investigate the construct validity of the test. The philosophy of construct validity is when known in psychology and sociology research community. Educational measurements involved three types of validity such as content, criterion-related and construct validity. Nevertheless, there is no single way to study construct validity. Construct validity should be illustrated from several different perspectives. When various approaches are used to demonstrate the validity of the test, the test users become more confident but only if the evidence proven by those strategies are convincing. The construct valid ity test should demonstrate an accumulation of evidence. Currently, there are at least four construct scales, Thurston scales, Likert scales, Guttman scaling and semantic differential scale. For example, the Likert scale asks people to indicate how much they agree or disagree, accept as true or false and approve or disapprove. There are no correct or incorrect way to develop a Likert scale, but one thing is important is that the Likert scale must have five response categories. However, individuals frequently confuse scales and response scales. A response scale is the methods that are collected from individuals on an instrument. A dichotomous question has only two different answers which can be found on Political surveys. On this sort of survey the response scale is to measure opinions on issues, such as if he or she Agree/Disagree, True/False, or has Yes/No responses. Moreover, a researcher may use an interval response scale like a one to five or one to seven rating sale of measurin g just how negative or how positive a person’s opinion of an issue is. However, if all the researcher is doing is attaching a response scale to an object or statement, than the researcher cannot call it scaling. Scaling include procedures that are done independently of the respondent so it is able to come up with a numerical value for the object. In true scaling studies, an individual uses a scaling procedure to develop ones instrument (scale) and also use a response scale to gather the responses from participants. Yet, to just allocate a one to five response scale for an item is not considered scaling. The Snyder Evaluation Model is an evaluation process regarded as a systems-based and participative approach involving participants as co-evaluators. In this model a three-stage process of evaluation is incorporated such as process, outcome, and a short-cycle evaluation. The method is mostly qualitative in its approach; however quantitative measures can be used when appropriate. Each evaluation stage builds upon a systems model or previous phases of how the project is carried out. Synder et al. (1997) research concerned the self-fulfilling influences of social stereotypes on two social interactions. This study approached attribution theory from several different angles, such as an individual cognitive and behavioral impression of other people. Each of the three steps methods called process, outcome and the short-cycle evaluation illustrates a systems model of how a group or project operates. The principal elements of the model are resources, activities, outcomes, goals and vision. Resources consist of any activities that produce immediate results in the pursuit of goals and objectives, in order to improve a particular situation. These include such resources such as money, equipment, physical materials, skills, time and goodwill. Activities are the day-by-day events carried out by individuals. The objectives are different goals that are specific for him or her to follow over a particular time frame. Moreover, goals are usually developed through a planning proce ss and revised during each treatment planning stage. As a result, the timeframe of the targeted problems or activities can either last a year or less than that. The first phase of Snyder evaluation is process evaluation. Process evaluation assists participants to understand the process and how their activities contribute to their goal. The participants learn the associations between the fundamentals of the model and discover how certain economic or productive resources and activities can contribute to goals and ideals. Therefore, these step by step breakdowns of the phases use to articulate the contributions, outputs, and processes that take place during each phase. A process evaluation can be utilized by improve understanding of how the process is carried out, and to ascertain possible targets for process improvement through removing problems and progression efficiency. The second phase is outcome evaluations. Outcome evaluations use the results of the activity, method, process or program and their contrast with the intended or projected results. Building on this understanding, participants can identify reasonable and applicable indicators of their accomplishments. These indicators can be used to review the overall achievement of the target or ideas, or results of the activity, effort, or process expressed in quantitative numbers. The outcome evaluation also can demonstrate the effectiveness of the process evaluation, receive ongoing feedback and monitoring. The outgoing evaluation of the process can be demonstrated by annotating the following: assessable targets, measurable immediate effects; measurable activities; assessable resources; create monitoring activities and evaluate progress. The third phase is short cycle evaluations. Short-cycle evaluation uses the indicators to build from the outcome evaluation in order to utilize useful feedback. The short-cycle evaluation examines if the targeting task is making progress by obtaining continuous feedback so that improvements obtained. These short cycle evaluations can take on several forms, such as identifying evaluations criteria and identifying evaluation information. The Snyder Evaluation Model is an evaluation process regarded as a systems-based and participative approach involving participants as co-evaluators. In this model a three-stage process of evaluation is incorporated such as process, outcome, and a short-cycle evaluation. The method is mostly qualitative in its approach; however quantitative measures can be used when appropriate. Each evaluation stage builds upon a systems model or previous phases of how the project is carried out. Synder et al. (1997) research concerned the self-fulfilling influences of social stereotypes on two social interactions. This study approached attribution theory from several different angles, such as an individual cognitive and behavioral impression of other people. Each of the three steps methods called process, outcome and the short-cycle evaluation illustrates a systems model of how a group or project operates. The principal elements of the model are resources, activities, outcomes, goals and vision. Resources consist of any activities that produce immediate results in the pursuit of goals and objectives, in order to improve the individual situation. These include such resources such as money, equipment, physical materials, skills, time and goodwill. Activities are the day-by-day events carried out by individuals. The objectives are individual goals that are specific for him or her to follow over a particular time frame. Moreover, goals are usually developed through a planning pr ocess and revised during each treatment planning stage. As a result, the timeframe of the targeted problems or activities can either last a year or less than that. The first phase of Snyder evaluation is process evaluation. Process evaluation assists participants to understand the process and how their activities contribute to their goal. The participants understand the associations between the fundamentals of the model and discover how certain economic or productive resources and activities can contribute to targets and ideals. Therefore, these step by step breakdowns of the phases use to articulate the contributions, outputs, and processes that take place during each phase. A process evaluation can be utilized by improve understanding of how the process is carried out, and to determine potential targets for process improvement through removing waste and increasing efficiency. The second phase is outcome evaluations. Outcome evaluations use the results of an activity, plan, method, or program and their comparison with the intended or projected results. Building on this understanding, participants can identify reasonable and applicable indicators of their accomplishments. The indicators can be utilized to evaluate the overall achievement of the target or ideas, or results of an activity, effort, or process that can be expressed in quantitative numbers. The outcome evaluation also can demonstrate the effectiveness of the process evaluation, receive ongoing feedback and monitoring. The outgoing evaluation of the process can be demonstrated by annotating the following: assessable targets, measurable immediate effects; measurable activities; assessable resources; create monitoring activities and evaluate achievement. The third phase is short cycle evaluations. Short-cycle evaluation uses the indicators to build from the outcome evaluation in order to utilize useful feedback. The short-cycle evaluation examines if the targeting task is making progress by obtaining continuous feedback so that improvements can be obtained. Furthermore, short cycle evaluation develops a self-improving project, such as: identifying evaluation criteria; identify assessment information; distinguish sources of information; create information systems; assess process and outcome evaluations; and generate review mechanisms. A step-by-step  breakdown  of the  phases  of a  process, used to  convey  the inputs,  outputs, and  operations  that take place during each phase. A process analysis can be used to  improve  understanding of how the process  operates, and to determine potential  targets  for  process improvement  through removing  waste  and increasing  efficiency. Read more:  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/process-analysis.html#ixzz3GcBqWvJ0

Australia :: essays research papers

Australia Australia is the world's smallest continent and sixth-largest country. With proportionately more desert land than any other continent, Australia has a low population density. Lying completely in the Southern Hemisphere, Australia is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the west and south and by the Pacific Ocean on the east. These oceans merge on the north in the Arafura Sea between Australia and Indonesia and New Guinea, and on the south in the Bass Strait. The coastline length, estimated at 19,200 km (12,000 mi), is remarkably short for so large an area, a result of the relative lack of indentation. Major inlets other than the Gulf of CARPENTARIA and the GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT are few. A self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia celebrated its bicentennial in 1988z. It is a federation of five mainland states (NEW SOUTH WALES, QUEENSLAND, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, VICTORIA, WESTERN AUSTRALIA) and one island state (TASMANIA), as well as two territories (AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY, NORTHERN TERRITORY). The country's name derives from the Latin terra australis incognita, meaning "unknown southern land," which resulted from a confusion between Australia and Antarctica on early world maps. In many ways Australia is unusual among continents. It lacks major relief features and has a high proportion of dry land. The continent's isolation from other landmasses accounts for its unique varieties of vegetation and animal life, and for the existence of a Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) culture among the Aborigines. Except for Antarctica, Australia was probably the last continent to be inhabited by humans and the last to be explored and settled by Europeans. It is the only continent comprising a single nation-state. Dutch explorers first sighted Australia in the early 17th century. Capt. James COOK explored the east coast in 1770 and claimed the land for Great Britain. In 1778 the first settlement (SYDNEY) was founded at an excellent harbor on the